Chrysanthemum species used as food and medicine: Understanding quality differences on the global market

Chrysanthemum flowers [Ch. x morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl. and Ch. indicum L.] are a globally used pharmacologically interesting botanical drug, however, with variable product quality. We aim at understanding the chemical variability of primary material available commercially based on different origins associated quality problems like contamination heavy metals. This needs to be assessed in context current regulations for this drug problems. 15 C. L. 50 Hemsl., including range geographical cultivars recognized China, samples from USA, Europe China were analyzed using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) compare their general profile. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was quantify metal contamination. The: HPTLC fingerprints clearly distinguishable morifolium. Fingerprints same collected markets countries (USA China) show patterns. Large variance within each cultivar group observed. The analysis showed excessive amounts some harmful commercial products cadmium being most frequent problem. Chinese medicinal vary. Differences between sourced USA might ascribable factors (e.g. soil composition), degradation during transport/storage or adulteration, but differences should also taken into account. Importantly, much more detailed definition needed better control. In addition, continuous problem observed, widespread regulation is an essential requirement